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Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy: Understanding Neoantigen Vaccines

NextEdge Admin

05 Dec 2023

3 min 17 sec

Neoantigen cancer vaccines are a type of personalized cancer immunotherapy designed to stimulate the immune system to target and attack cancer cells. Neoantigens are unique peptides or proteins that arise from mutations in the cancer cells and are not present in normal, healthy cells. These mutations can result from genetic changes in the cancer cells, and neoantigens are essentially the altered or mutated proteins that can be recognized as foreign by the immune system.

The concept behind neoantigen cancer vaccines is to identify these specific neoantigens in a patient’s tumor and then create a customized vaccine to prompt the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer cells bearing these neoantigens. The vaccine is usually tailored to each individual patient based on the specific mutations found in their tumor.
The process typically involves the following steps:

Tumor Sequencing: The tumor’s DNA is sequenced to identify mutations that lead to the formation of neoantigens.
Neoantigen Prediction: Bioinformatics tools are used to predict which of the identified mutations result in the formation of neoantigens that are likely to be recognized by the immune system.
Vaccine Design: Based on the predicted neoantigens, a customized vaccine is designed. This may involve synthesizing peptides representing the neoantigens or using other methods to deliver the information to the immune system.
Vaccine Administration: The personalized neoantigen vaccine is then administered to the patient, typically through injection.
Immune Response Activation: The vaccine stimulates the patient’s immune system to recognize and mount an immune response against cancer cells bearing the identified neoantigens. The goal of neoantigen cancer vaccines is to train the immune system to specifically target and destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. This approach is part of the broader field of cancer immunotherapy, which aims to leverage the body’s immune system to combat cancer. While still an area of active research, neoantigen vaccines hold promise as a personalized and potentially effective strategy in the treatment of certain types of cancer.